Background As middle-income countries become more affluent, economically sophisticated and productive, health expenditure patterns are likely to change. Other socio-demographic and political changes that accompany rapid economic growth are also likely to influence health spending and financial protection.   Methods This study investigates the relationship between growth on per-capita healthcare...

aims: this study aims to review the economic cost of childhood (0-18 years) unintentional injuries (ui) and focuses upon comparing the cost burden between developing and developed countries. methods: articles were selected from pubmed using the search words “economic cost”, “unintentional injuries” and “children”. nine articles were selected. results: studies in china focused upon cost to hospi...

trade linearization according to scale, composite, and technology effects, changes the environment quality. on the other hand, trade liberalization, increases capital flow in the world. based on pollution haven hypothesis, polluted intensive industries move from the countries with stringent environmental policies to those with more relaxed environmental policies. in order to evaluate the effect...

BACKGROUND More than 80% of deaths from cardiovascular disease are estimated to occur in low-income and middle-income countries, but the reasons are unknown. METHODS We enrolled 156,424 persons from 628 urban and rural communities in 17 countries (3 high-income, 10 middle-income, and 4 low-income countries) and assessed their cardiovascular risk using the INTERHEART Risk Score, a validated sc...

OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...

The protection of intellectual property rights has been considered as an engine of economic growth in developed and developing economies. In this study, we analyze the impact of intellectual property rights on economic growth for a balanced panel of 38 countries (11 from high income countries; 16 from middle income countries; and 11 from low income countries) over the period of 1975-2005 by uti...

    In 2010, the World Bank categorized countries in per capita gross domestic product in terms of purchasing power parity (at constant 1990 prices) in three categories: low, middle (lower and upper) and high income. If a country caught at least 28 years in lower middle income level and at least 14 years caught in upper middle-income level, then they are trapped in lower middle and upper middle...